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- AMERICA ABROAD, Page 49Why Bosnia Is Not Vietnam
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- By Strobe Talbott
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- History has doubly cursed the Balkans. it not only
- energizes the combatants in the most perverse way imaginable,
- it also paralyzes the would-be peacemakers. While the crisis
- deepens, well-intentioned outsiders ponder their options and
- fret about the risks in terms borrowed from other wars in other
- eras.
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- Vietnam is the name not just of a country but also of a
- syndrome from which the U.S. still suffers -- notwithstanding
- Dr. Bush's self-congratulatory claim to the contrary a little
- more than a year ago. Senior officials of his Administration
- have repeatedly defined the danger awaiting the U.S. if it leads
- a large-scale military intervention in the Balkans as "another
- Vietnam."
-
- It was partly in his overeagerness to avoid "a
- Vietnam-like quagmire" that Bush so abruptly suspended Desert
- Storm. As a result, Saddam Hussein remained in power to
- slaughter his citizens and rebuild his military. Thus the
- continuing fixation on the V word has figured decisively in the
- two great foreign policy failures of the Bush Administration:
- it was too quick to end the Gulf War, and it has been too slow
- to mobilize a multinational intervention that might end the
- Balkan war.
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- As Bush and everyone else keep saying, Iraq and Yugoslavia
- are challenges to the post-cold war order. That realization in
- itself should exclude, or at least mute, references to Vietnam
- in the debate over how to meet those challenges.
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- Southeast Asia was the hot front of the cold war. Hanoi
- had the Kremlin's backing. Serbia is not North Vietnam. It has
- virtually no friends and certainly no superpower godfather. The
- U.S. and the international community, notably including Russia,
- are united against what Serbia is doing. Slobodan Milosevic's
- regime can be isolated politically and, if necessary, defeated
- militarily in a way that Ho Chi Minh's could not.
-
- The North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong were fighting to
- reunify a country that had been artificially divided. While they
- were doing so under a now discredited political banner, they
- still had the powerful force of nationalism on their side. The
- Bosnian Serbs, by contrast, are fighting to perpetuate their
- domination over large parts of a country that had been
- artificially unified.
-
- Nor should the Bosnian Serbs be seen as the moral
- equivalents of their fathers and grandfathers, who tied down 30
- Axis divisions a half-century ago. That analogy -- another of
- the cliches that help rationalize Western dithering -- could
- hardly be more misleading. It disgraces the heroism and
- patriotism of the Yugoslav partisans in World War II. It
- exaggerates the number and prowess of the Serb forces in Bosnia
- today, as well as their local support. For them patria is a
- Greater Serbia in which Croats, Albanians, Hungarians,
- Macedonians and Slavic Muslims are subject to second-class
- citizenship, if not "ethnic cleansing."
-
- Finally, all the talk about the Serb forces controlling
- the hilltops like latter-day Chetniks implies an invidious
- comparison between what the Nazis were trying to do in the 1940s
- and what the United Nations ought to be doing today. Hitler was
- bent on conquering Yugoslavia, while the West should be saving
- the remnants of that country from the consequences of the end
- of communism.
-
- That is the essence of what has happened in southeastern
- Europe as well as in many parts of the former Soviet Union. For
- decades the state was an extension of a centralized,
- hierarchical, repressive, conspiratorial ideology. The system
- collapsed, therefore so did the state. Human nature abhors a
- civic vacuum. That is why Serbs and Croats, as well as Azeris
- and Armenians, Georgians and Abkhasians, have gone back to
- slitting each other's throats and gouging out each other's eyes.
-
- There is another cliche that haunts Western commentary and
- policymaking on the Balkans: "These people have been killing
- each other for a thousand years; therefore we can't possibly do
- anything to stop them." It is tempting for Westerners to regard
- the barbarisms they see on the front pages as something all too
- natural in faraway countries of which they know little. The
- breakdown of the state can happen in the West too. Remember
- those five days in California three months ago, when the
- structure of America cracked and Los Angeles momentarily became
- Sarajevo?
-
- In the Balkans, more important than the legacy of ancient
- quarrels is recent experience: 45 years of intercommunal harmony
- in Bosnia, where Serbs, Croats and Slavic Muslims lived together
- in close to a model of tolerance and pluralism. What ruined it
- all was the arrival on the scene of an essentially external
- force: Greater Serbian imperialism, sponsored and armed by
- Belgrade. That is why there must now be a decisively more
- powerful external force, one that goes far beyond the U.N.'s
- current peacekeeping mission. What is needed is an all-out
- peacemaking effort, also authorized by the U.N. but armed and
- manned largely by NATO and led by a U.S. that can thereby truly
- cure itself of the Vietnam syndrome.
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