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Document 0661
DOCN M9610661
TI Microglia: intrinsic immuneffector cell of the brain.
DT 9601
AU Gehrmann J; Matsumoto Y; Kreutzberg GW; Department of Pathology,
University Hospital, Zurich,; Switzerland.
SO Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1995 Mar;20(3):269-87. Unique Identifier :
AIDSLINE MED/96031752
AB Microglia form a regularly spaced network of resident glial cells
throughout the central nervous system (CNS). They are morphologically,
immunophenotypically and functionally related to cells of the
monocyte/macrophage lineage. In the ultimate vicinity of the blood-brain
barrier two specialized subsets of macrophages/microglia can be
distinguished: firstly, perivascular cells which are enclosed within the
basal lamina and secondly juxtavascular microglia which make direct
contact with the parenchymal side of the CNS vascular basal lamina but
represent true intraparenchymal resident microglia. Bone marrow chimera
experiments indicates that a high percentage of the perivascular cells
undergoes replacement with bone marrow-derived cells. In contrast,
juxtavascular microglia like other resident microglia form a highly
stable pool of CNS cells with extremely little turnover with the bone
marrow compartment. Both the perivascular cells and the juxtavascular
microglia play an important role in initiating and maintaining CNS
autoimmune injury due to their strategic localization at a site close to
the blood-brain barrier, their rapid inducibility for MHC class II
antigens and their potential scavenger role as phagocytic cells. The
constantly replaced pool of perivascular cells probably represents an
entry route by which HIV gets access to the brain. Microglia are the
first cell type to respond to several types of CNS injury. Microglial
activation involves a stereotypic pattern of cellular responses, such as
proliferation, increased or de-novo expression of immunomolecules,
recruitment to the site of injury and functional changes, e.g., the
release of cytotoxic and/or inflammatory mediators. In addition,
microglia have a strong antigen presenting function and a pronounced
cytotoxic function. Microglial activation is a graded response, i.e.,
microglia only transform into intrinsic brain phagocytes under
conditions of neuronal and or synaptic/terminal degeneration. In
T-cell-mediated autoimmune injury of the nervous system, microglial
activation follows these lines and occurs at an early stage of disease
development. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE),
microglia proliferate vigorously, show a strong expression of MHC class
I and II antigens, cell adhesion molecules, release of reactive oxygen
intermediates and inflammatory cytokines and transform into phagocytic
cells. Due to their pronounced antigen presenting function in vitro,
activated microglia rather than astrocytes or endothelial cells are the
candidates as intrinsic antigen presenting cel of the brain. In contrast
to microglia, astrocytes react with a delay, appear to encase
morphologically the inflammatory lesion and may be instrumental in
downregulating the T-cell-mediated immune injury by inducing T-cell
apoptosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
DE Brain/*CYTOLOGY/*IMMUNOLOGY Microglia/*IMMUNOLOGY Support, Non-U.S.
Gov't JOURNAL ARTICLE REVIEW REVIEW, TUTORIAL
SOURCE: National Library of Medicine. NOTICE: This material may be
protected by Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.Code).