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1984-12-17
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We will represent atoms as depicted above although they have
a much more complicated structure. Here are two atoms, (Cl for chlorine)
and sodium (Na). Yes, strange as it may seem "Na" is short for sodium.
Chlorine is a poisonous gas used to make laundry bleach. The
odor of the bleach is from the chlorine. Sodium is a metal that
explodes when placed in water.
9
It turns out that sodium and chlorine atoms can be connected.
Try combining them by moving the sodium atom. (Use the right cursor
key or hit ─┘ for auto-connect).
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Congratulations! You have formed a molecule of table salt!
When two atoms combine, a molecule is formed. Molecules are important
because they have new properties. Salt or NaCl (say the letters:
N A C L), is a common food seasoning made of the gas, chlorine and the
metal, sodium.
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Let's see if we can combine sodium with another atom type called
fluorine or F for short. (Try combining the atoms).
3
The molecule you made is NaF. NaF or sodium fluoride is the
ingredient of a popular toothpaste used to prevent tooth decay. Other
fluoride toothpastes use Na and F atoms combined with other atoms to
make monofluorophosphate. Look at the label on a tube the next chance
you have to see if it has a fluoride molecule.
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@
Ingredient labels on packages of food, on candybar wrappers and
even on things like shampoo are simply lists of molecules. Chemistry
is the study of atoms and how atoms combine to make molecules.
The more you learn, the more you will know about the food you eat
and other things around you.
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Hydrogen is another atom which you may try to combine with sodium.
(Try it!).
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They don't combine! Sodium and hydrogen atoms do not combine to
make a molecule.
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Try combining the hydrogen atom (H) with the chlorine atom (Cl)
by moving the hydrogen atom towards the chlorine atom.
8
Hydrogen and chlorine combine to form a molecule of HCl. HCl,
more commonly known as hydrochloric acid, is a powerful and dangerous acid.
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Here's hydrogen with the fluorine atom. (Do you think they will
combine? Guess to yourself and then try combining them.)
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They combined to make hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid): HF for short.
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Learning which atoms can combine to form molecules is a very
important goal in chemistry. Not all atoms can combine to make
molecules. Atoms behave much like magnets; poles of a magnet with
opposite charges attract one another, while poles of a magnet with
like charges repel each other. Positively charged atoms cannot
combine with other positively charged atoms; rather, positively
charged atoms can only combine with negatively charged atoms.
Positively charged atoms such as H and Na are in the plus group,
while negatively charged atoms such as Cl and F are in the minus
group. H and Na do not combine because they're in the same group.
We have seen that both H and Na combine with Cl and F to form molecules:
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Na + Cl = NaCl H + Cl = HCl Na + F = NaF H + F = HF
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
So we can see that it is easy to determine which atoms can
combine to make molecules, provided we know which group the atom
belongs to.
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Here is a hydrogen atom with an oxygen (or O for short). See if these
atoms combine to form a molecule.
14
Great! You have just formed an OH molecule.
We have seen that oxygen combines with hydrogen to form an OH molecule.
Oxygen must be a group MINUS atom. It combines with hydrogen which is a
group PLUS atom.
15
Let's try something new. Another atom has been added, you should recognize it
as hydrogen. See if it can be added to an OH molecule.
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You have made a molecule called H2O (say "H two O"), better known as water.
Water is a new substance made of the gases hydrogen and oxygen.
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Let's see if another hydrogen atom can be added to the oxygen to make
an H3O molecule.
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-They don't combine! Only two hydrogen atoms can be combined with oxygen.
Remember, we decided that oxygen was a group MINUS atom like chlorine and
fluorine. Unlike these two atoms which can combine with only one atom of
hydrogen, oxygen combines with two hydrogen atoms.
19
Another very important task in chemistry is learning how many atoms
of each group are needed to make a molecule.
Some atoms like chlorine and fluorine combine with only a single
hydrogen atom. Atoms like oxygen require two hydrogen atoms to make
a molecule.
20
Here is a new atom. N is short for nitrogen. That's easy to remember!
There are two things we would like to know about an atom. First,
does it belong to group PLUS or group MINUS? Second, how many atoms does
it combine with at one time.
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We determine an atom's group by trying to combine it with atoms whose
group we already know. If nitrogen is a group PLUS atom it will combine
with the group MINUS atom, chlorine. If it is a group MINUS atom then
it will combine with the group PLUS atom, hydrogen.
First try combining the chlorine atom with the nitrogen atom.
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-They don't combine!
Chlorine and nitrogen did not combine, so is nitrogen a group PLUS or MINUS
atom? Nitrogen is a group MINUS atom - since it did not combine with chlorine
it must be of the same group as chlorine: MINUS.
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Let's make sure that nitrogen is a group MINUS atom by trying to combine
it with hydrogen.
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Good, they combine! Now let's see how many hydrogen atoms can be
combined with nitrogen. (Try another).
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Try another hydrogen atom.
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Only 3 hydrogen atoms combine with nitrogen.
The molecule formed by adding 3 hydrogen atoms to one nitrogen atom
is ammonia. The short-hand notation is NH3. Ammonia is commonly used
in household cleaners and has a very strong smell.
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A special word, VALENCE, is used to describe the number of atoms a certain
molecule can combine with to make a complete molecule.
Hydrogen, sodium, chlorine and fluorine have a valence of 1, since each
combine with only one other atom at a time.
Oxygen has a valence of 2, because it combines with 2 valence 1 atoms
at the same time. Similarly, nitrogen has a valence of 3.
*