LinuxTag 2003 - Anwendungsprogrammierung mit Kylix Open

Tree-Maps zur Dateidarstellung in Kylix fr C++

Tree-Maps sind ein raumfllender Ansatz zur Darstellung von gewichteten B舫men. Sie dienen der Darstellung zum Beispiel von Dateib舫men, stellen aber zus舩zlich zu normalen B舫men die Gre jedes Astes und jedes Blattes zus舩zlich zu deren Anordnung dar. Dazu wird von der konventionellen Baumdarstellung abgewichen, vielmehr werden Verzeichnisse und Dateien als Rechtecke oder Kissen dargestellt. Wissenschaftliche Grundlage fr dieses Verfahren ist Ben Shneiderman's Artikel "Tree Visualization with Tree-Maps: 2-d Space-Filling Approach". Eine Implementation fr Windows existiert erst seit 2000 (Sequoiaview ) und ausschlieﾟlich zur Dateidarstellung.

Die Arrays in Shneiderman's Algorithmus

       Treemap(root, P[0..1], Q[0..1], axis, color)
       Paint_rectangle(P, Q, color) -- paint full area
       width := Q[axis] - P[axis]  -- compute location of next slice
       for i:= to num_children do
         Q[axis] := P[axis] + (Size(child[i])/Size(root))*width
	 Treemap(child[i],
	 P, Q, 1 - axis, color)
	 P[axis] := Q[axis]
       endfor

bezeichnen die obere linke und untere rechte Ecke des zu zeichnenden Rechtecks. Paint_rectangle ist die Funktion, die dieses Rechteck zeichnet. Axis ist ein Integer, der entweder 0 oder 1 annimmt und angibt, ob die Rechtecke von links nach rechts oder von oben nach unten gezeichnet werden.

Der Algorithmus zeichnet zun臘hst ein Rechteck fr das die Gesamtgre aller ﾄste und Bl舩ter anzeigt (bei einer Dateidarstellung: der gesamte belegte Plattenplatz): Die Size-Funktion bestimmt die Gre nicht nur eines Blattes, sondern auch eines Astes (im Beispiel: Nicht nur eines Verzeichnisses, sondern auch aller Unterverzeichnisse). Dabei ist die Gre eines Astes die Summe der Gren aller Nachfahren, also aller Bl舩ter die an diesem Ast h舅gen oder aus einem Ast wachsen, der ein "Nachfahre" (also child, child eines childes, child eines childes eines childes...) des zu bestimmenden Astes ist.

Mit dieser Size-Funktion ist es leicht, ein Treemap darzustellen: Es wird jeweils ein Rechteck gezeichnet, das die volle verf臠bare Breite hat. Die He hat denselben Anteil an der Gesamthe, die das Gewicht des Astes und aller seiner Nachfahren am Gesamtgewicht haben (um im Beispiel zu bleiben: Die He entspricht der Gre der Datei im Verh舁tnis zu der Gre aller anderen Dateien und Verzeichnissen innerhalb bzw. unterhalb des zu zeichnenden Verzeichnisses). Wird eine Ebene tiefer dargestellt, wird nicht mehr in der gesamtverf臠baren Breite gezeichnet und die He variiert, sondern die Breite variiert und in der gesamtverf臠baren He gezeichnet. So gehen alle angrenzenden Rechtecke mit derselben Orientierung (breit oder hoch) zu demselben Verzeichnis und jedes Verzeichnis belegt zwar genau so viel Fl臘he wie eine Datei entsprechender Gre, ist aber dadurch, dass es aus Rechtecken besteht, als Verzeichnis erkennbar.

Shneiderman geht in seinem Artikel sehr spezifisch auch auf die Darstellung von Dateib舫men ein, er erw濾nt zum Beispiel explizit, man kne verschiedene Farben fr die verschiedenen Dateitypen verwenden.

Ich mhte explizit erw臧nen, dass der Einsatz von Treemaps in sozusagen "gewnlichen Diagrammen" nicht ausgeschlossen ist. Spontan fallen mir da Dinge wie die Visualisierung s舂tlicher Kostentr臠er und -stellen mit Ihrer entsprechenden Geldbedeutung in einem Unternehmen ein.

Die Versteifung Shneiderman's auf Dateib舫me ist einer meiner Kritikpunkte, da ein Verzeichnis in der Regel keine Eigengre besitzt. Ein Baum, bei dem das jedoch denkbar ist, ist zum Beispiel eine Abteilung in einem Unternehmen, deren Besch瀁tigtenzahl dargestellt werden soll. Im natrlichen Wachstumsprozess des Unternehmens kommt es teils dazu, dass diese Abteilung eine Unterabteilung bildet, jedoch selbst den Groﾟteil der Besch瀁tigten bewahrt, was in einem Dateisystem einem Verzeichnis gleich k瀘e, das grer ist als die Summe seiner Dateien.

Um solche Eigengren darzustellen, bildet mein Algorithmus nur bei der Darstellung ein zus炙zliches Blatt-"dummy" aus, das der Eigengre des Elements entspricht.

Das ist auch der Grund, warum meine Property Weight nicht mit Shneiderman's Size bereinstimmt: Weight bezeichnet bei mir die Eigengre und Tonnage das Gesamtgewicht des Astes und aller Abkmlinge (insofern entspricht Tonnage eher Shneiderman's size).

Meine Arbeit war, aus diesem Algorithmus eine Kylix-Komponente zu schreiben. Des Weiteren waren mir zum Beispiel folgende Dinge wichtig:

Vererbung aus der Panel-Komponente um von Dingen wie ShowHint und onClick zu profitieren.
Die Treeviews selbst sollten als Komponente wiederverwendbar und vielf瀝tig einsetzbar sein.
Verwendung von Properties wie tonnage (diese berechnet sich bei Abfrage rekursiv)
Der Vorstellung, dass ein Objekt "zu wissen hat", wie es sich darstellt, und so eine Integration der Paint_rectangle-Funktion in das Objekt (in die Render-Funktion).

Aus diesem Grund habe ich eine CLX-Komponente fr Kylix fr C++ und Kylix fr Delphi geschrieben, die Treemaps darstellen kann. Diese befindet sich unter .

Ein Editor mit Makros, Suchen und Ersetzen von regul舐en Ausdrcken, Code Completion und Syntax Highlighting in Kylix 3 Open for Delphi

Die Synedit-Komponente unterliegt einer GPL/MPL-Lizenz und ist seit der Version 1.1 in einer CLX-Version verfgbar. Unter Kylix for Delphi kann so sehr leicht ein Editor mit Syntax Highlighting fr mehr als 40 Dateiformate, Suchen und Ersetzen-Funktion wahlweise mit regul舐en Ausdrcken, Code-Completion, Rechtschreibprfung und Makros programmiert werden. Einige Features, wie Code Completion, Search and Replace und Syntax Highlighting sollen in einer kleinen Anwendung verfgbar sein.

Synedit ist eine Open-Source-Editorkomponente fr Delphi, CBuilder und Kylix.

Verwenden Sie Version 1.2 von Synedit (siehe ) oder die Entwicklerversion per CVS:

ﾖffnen Sie die Package synedit_kylix_OE.dpk im Packages-Verzeichnis in Ihrem Kylix fr Delphi und klicken Sie auf "Installieren". Danach steht Ihnen bei Verwendung bei neuen Projekten (Datei|Neu|Anwendung) der Reiter SynEdit und SynEdit Highlighters zur Verfgung. Klicken Sie im Reiter SynEdit auf einen SynEdit und ziehen Sie bei gedrckter Maustaste ein Rechteck mit der gewnschten Gre auf Ihr Formular. Fgen Sie dann ein SynCompletionProposal, ein SynMacrorecorder, ein SynAutoCorrect und ein SynEditRegexSearch auf Ihr Formular. Klicken Sie die Shift-Taste und markieren Sie die eingefgte SynCompletionProposal, SynMacrorecorder, und SynAutoCorrect-Komponente. W臧len Sie dann im Objektinspektor als Editor fr alle drei Komponenten SynEdit1. Fgen Sie aus dem Reiter SynEditHighlighters noch ein Highlighter ein, zum Beispiel SynCppSyn. SynEdit untersttzt in der Version 1.2 46 Dateiformate. Markieren Sie nun die SynEdit-Control (eine Control ist eine visuelle Komponente) und 舅dern Sie den Highlighter auf Ihren Highlighter und die SearchEngine auf SynEditRegexSearch1. ﾄndern Sie zum Beispiel auch Gutter/ShowLineNumbers auf true. Fgen Sie in Projekt|Optionen|Verzeichnisse/Bedingungen|Suchpfad den Synedit-Source-Pfad in Ihren Suchpfad ein. Klicken Sie auf Ihr SynCompletionProposal und auf die Punkte neben ItemList im Objektinspektor. Sie knen nun durch Hinzufgen von Zeilen Vervollst舅digungsvorschlge hinzufgen, die angezeigt werden, wenn Sie im Editor [STRG]+[SPACE] drcken. Klicken Sie auf Ihr SynAutoCorrect1 und 舅dern Sie Itemseparator von #9 zum Beispiel auf #32. Dieser ASCII-Code gibt an, durch welches Zeichen Suchmuster durch zu ersetzendes Muster in Item getrennt werden. Klicken Sie nun auf die Punkte neben Item im Objektinspektor. Sie knen nun durch Hinzufgen von Zeilen Ausdrcke automatisch ersetzen, zum Beispiel

  Jochen Domi
  schlechter toller

Verwenden Sie die Unit SynEditTypes, um au die Search-Optionen zurck greife zu knen. Ein Button mit dem Handler

    SynEdit1.SearchReplace('begin (.*) end;','\{ $1 \}',[ssoReplace, ssoReplaceAll, ssoEntireScope]);

Ersetzt (ssoReplace) zum Beispiel im gesamten Dokument (ssoEntireScope) alle Vorkommnisse (ssoReplaceAll) von begin end; durch { } und beh舁t den Text, der zwischen begin und end steht, bei (begin <beliebiger Text> end; mssen in diesem Beispiel in einer Zeile stehen).

Es ist normal, auf Wunsch einen Dialog "Mhten Sie dieses Vorkommen ersetzen?" vor jeder Fundstelle zu zeigen. Das ist in SynEdit auch mlich und eigentlich auch so vorgesehen.

Verwenden Sie drei weitere Knfe und belegen Sie mit RecordMacro, Stop und PlaybackMacro.

  procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
  begin
    SynMacroRecorder1.RecordMacro(SynEdit1);
  end;

  procedure TForm1.Button2Click(Sender: TObject);
  begin
    SynMacroRecorder1.Stop;
  end;

  procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject);
  begin
   SynMacroRecorder1.PlaybackMacro(SynEdit1);
  end;

Klicken Sie nun auf Knopf 1, geben etwas in Ihrem SynEdit ein, klicken auf Knopf 2, gehen wieder in Ihr SynEdit und klicken auf Knopf 3, knen Sie Ihre Aktionen wiederholen.

Selbstverst舅dlich untersttzt SynEdit auch Undo (SynEdit1.Undo) und das Speichern und Laden von Makros (SynMacroRecorder.SaveToFile und SynMacroRecorder.LoadFromFile), Textmarken und viel mehr.

Ein noch sehr simpler Syneditor

Das sollte ein kleiner Querschnitt durch einige der wichtigeren Funktionen von SynEdit gewesen sein. SynEdit verfgt ber eine sehr aktive Entwicklergemeinde, die auf einem Editor von Martin Waldenburg aufbaut. Gerade wird an vielen Stellen gewerkelt, was zum Beispiel auch ein Code Folding in den Bereich des innerhalb der n臘hsten Versionen vielleicht mlichen rckt. Gerade die CLX-Version braucht jedoch, produktionsreif hin oder her, noch etwas mehr Arbeit als die VCL-Version. W舐e es kommerzielle Software wrde ich jetzt sagen: Nutzen Sie es. Unter Linux heiﾟt der Spruch: Helfen Sie den Entwicklern wenn Sie men.

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Anwendungsprogrammierung mit Kylix Open

Jochen St舐k

Dominique Kaiser

Lizenz

Kylix fr C++