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; TAG.RUL 8-Mar-91
; Copyright (c) 1991 by the Summer Institute of Linguistics
; for academic use only
; Bloomfield's Tagalog texts
; Bloomfield, Leonard. 1917. Tagalog texts with grammatical analysis.
; University of Illinois.
; û = velar nasal;
; N = nasal unspecified for point of articulation
; q = glottal stop
; I and U are used in the Infixation rules
; RE is used in the Reduplication rules
; - indicates prefix boundary
; + indicates suffix boundary
; _ (underline) indicates enclitic boundary
; = indicates compound boundary
ALPHABET
p t k b d g m n û s l r w y q h - + = _
a e i o u ç Ä Æ ù £ ê Å ô ÿ ¥
N I U R E
NULL 0
ANY @
BOUNDARY #
SUBSET C p t k b d g m n û s l r w y q h ; consonants
SUBSET V a e i o u ç Ä Æ ù £ ê Å ô ÿ ¥ ; vowels
SUBSET V[1str] ç Ä Æ ù £ ; primary stress
SUBSET V[2str] ê Å ô ÿ ¥ ; secondary stress
SUBSET V[-str] a e i o u ; unstressed
SUBSET O o ÿ
SUBSET P p b ; labial stops
SUBSET T t d l r ; dental stops and liquids
SUBSET K k g ; velar stops
SUBSET M N m n û ; nasals
; - and + (morpheme boundaries) are always deleted
RULE "1 Consonant defaults" 1 22
p t k b d g m n û s l r w y q h N - + _ = @
p t k b d g m n û s l r w y q h û 0 0 _ = @
1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
RULE "2 Vowel defaults" 1 23
a e i i o o u ç Ä Æ ù £ ê Å ô ÿ ¥ ê Å ô ÿ ¥ @
a e i e u o u ç Ä Æ ù £ ê Å ô ÿ ¥ a e i o u @
1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
; q-insertion y-insertion
; 0alis nag-0alis i-I-çlay
; qalis nag0qalis iniyçlay
RULE "3 q-insertion, 0:q => [#|-]___V" 3 5
# - 0 @ @
# 0 q V @
1: 2 2 0 1 1
2: 1 2 3 1 1
3. 0 0 0 1 0
RULE "4 y-insertion, 0:y => :i___V" 3 5
@ 0 @ - @
i y V 0 @
1: 2 0 1 1 1
2: 2 3 1 2 1
3. 0 0 1 3 0
; Coalescence: N is deleted before a consonant that assimilates
; to a homorganic nasal.
; Coalescence is normally viewed as nasal assimilation and
; consonant deletion, but due to reduplication the table is easier
; to write the other way round.
; maN-bili maN-RE-bili maN-tahiq maN-RE-ta.hiq maN-kuha maN-RE-ku.ha
; ma00mili ma00mi0mili ma00nahiq ma00na0na.hiq ma00ûuha ma00ûu0ûu.ha
RULE "5 Nasal Deletion, N:0 <=> __(-:0) (R:C E:V -:0) :M" 3 10
N N - R R R R E @ @
0 @ 0 C m n û V M @
1: 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2: 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1
3. 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 0
; d and g do not undergo coalesence
RULE "6 Assimilation correspondences" 1 5
p b t k @
m m n û @
1: 1 1 1 1 1
RULE
"7 Assimilation to Nasal, {P,T,K}:{m,n,û} <=> N: (-:0) (R:C E:V -:0) __" 2 11
N - R E P T K P T K @
@ 0 C V m n û @ @ @ @
1: 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
2: 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
; Infixation: the infixes <um> and <in> are inserted between a
; following C and V.
; Before l, <in> is optionally realized as the prefix ni-.
; U-b00ili i-I0-l00agay
; 00bumili i0000linagay
; i0ni0lagay
; Since I has no surface realization other than the one
; specified in the Infixation rule, this table effectively applies
; "always and only". If I had another surface realization besides 0,
; then a <= table would be necessary to make the rule obligatory.
; I:n column to allow ni- allomorph of <in>
RULE "8 <in> infix, I:0 => __-:0 :C 0:i 0:n :V" 9 8
I - @ 0 0 @ I @
0 0 C i n V n @
1: 2 1 1 0 0 1 7 1
2. 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
3. 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
4. 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0
5. 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0
6. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
7. 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0
8. 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
9. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
; ni- prefix before l
; I:0 column to allow <in>
RULE "9 ni- prefix, I:n => __0:i -:0 l:" 6 8
I 0 - @ @ @ I @
n i 0 l q y 0 @
1: 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 1
2. 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
3. 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
4. 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
5. 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0
6. 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
; ni- prefix after qi-, before q or y
; 0i-I0-0alis 0i-I0-l£toq 0i-I0-0çlay
; qi0ni0qalis qi0ni0l£toq qi0ni0yçlay
; I:0 column to allow <in>
RULE "10 ni- prefix, I:n => # :q i: -:0___0:i -:0 :q" 10 10
# @ @ @ i - I 0 I @
# q l y @ 0 n i 0 @
1: 2 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 10 1
2: 2 3 1 1 1 1 9 1 10 1
3: 2 1 1 1 4 1 0 1 0 1
4: 2 1 1 1 1 5 0 1 0 1
5: 2 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 9 1
6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0
7. 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0
8. 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
9: 2 0 1 1 1 9 0 9 0 1
10: 2 1 1 1 1 10 0 10 0 1
RULE "11 <um> infix, U:0 => __-:0 :C 0:u 0:m :V" 6 7
U - @ 0 0 @ @
0 0 C u m V @
1: 2 1 1 0 0 1 1
2. 0 3 0 0 0 0 0
3. 0 0 4 0 0 0 0
4. 0 0 0 5 0 0 0
5. 0 0 0 0 6 0 0
6. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
; Reduplication: the first CV of a root is reduplicated.
; Note the interaction with infixation and coalescence.
; RE-kuha I-R00E-tahi maN-RE-pili
; ku0kuha 00tina0tahi ma00mi0mili
; As an ad hoc abbreviation, {C} stands for {p,m,b,t,n,d,k,û,g,l,r,q,s,h,y}.
; Consonants not yet included this table: w
RULE "12 C-Redup, R:{C} => __ (0:V 0:C) E:V (.) -:0 C:{C}" 46 37
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R 0 0 E - p p b b t t d d k k g l r 0 s h y @
p m b t n d k û g l r q s h y V C V 0 p m b m t n @ r k û g l r q s h y @
1: 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 14 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 17 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
20. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
23. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 23 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
24. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
25. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
26. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 26 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
27. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
28. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
29. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 29 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
30. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
31. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
32. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 32 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
33. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
34. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
35. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 35 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
36. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
37. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
38. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 38 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
39. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
41. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 41 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
42. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
43. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
44. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 44 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
45. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
46. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
; add vowels as needed
RULE
"13 V-Redup, E:{a,i,u} => R:C (0:V 0:C) __ -:0 @:C {a,i,u}:{a,i,u}" 11 19
R 0 0 E E E E E E E - C ç @ Æ @ £ @ @
C V C ç ê a Æ ô i ¥ 0 C @ a @ i @ u @
1: 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2: 2 2 2 3 3 3 6 6 6 9 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4. 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7. 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10. 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
; Flapping: d is optionally realized as r intervocalically and word-initially.
; RE-datiû U-R00E-datiû ma-dinig ma-RE-dinig
; da0ratiû 00duma0ratiû ma0rinig ma0ri0rinig
RULE "14 Flapping, d:r => :V (-:0)__(-:0) :V" 3 6
# @ - + d @
# V 0 0 r @
1: 2 2 1 1 0 1
2: 1 2 2 2 3 1
3. 0 1 3 3 0 0
; 0ilan_û
; qila0_û
RULE "15 n:0 <=> ___ _û" 5 5
n n _ û @
0 @ _ û @
1: 4 2 1 1 1
2: 4 2 3 1 1
3: 4 2 1 0 1
4. 0 0 5 0 0
5. 0 0 0 1 0
; Raising: o:u in a long penultimate syllable (but not a word-initial
; syllable).
; sagÿt+in t£kod+an
; sag£t0in tuk£r0an
; Compensatory lengthening
; hintÿq
; hint£0
RULE "16 Raising correspondences" 1 3
o ÿ @
£ £ @
1: 1 1 1
RULE "17 Raising, O:£ <=> V(C)___(C) +:0 V(C)#" 9 8
V @ O O + # q @
V C £ @ 0 # 0 @
1: 2 1 9 1 1 1 1 1
2: 2 2 6 3 1 1 1 1
3: 2 3 9 2 4 1 1 1
4: 5 1 9 5 1 1 1 1
5: 2 5 9 2 1 0 1 1
6. 0 6 0 0 7 0 1 0
7. 8 0 0 8 0 0 0 0
8. 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 0
9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
; Primary Stress Shift from penult to ultima of root when suffixed
; (alternatively, stress is maintained on penult of word).
; bçyad+an h£log+an
; bayçr0an hul£g0an
RULE "18 Stress shift correspondences" 1 21
ç Ä Æ ù £ a e i o u ê Å ô ÿ ¥ a e i o u @
a e i o u ç Ä Æ ù £ a e i o u ê Å ô ÿ ¥ @
1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
RULE "19 Primary Stress shift, V[1str]:V[-str] => __C V[-str]:V[1str] (:C) +:0 V(C)#" 6 7
V[1str] @ V[-str] + V # @
V[-str] C V[1str] 0 V # @
1: 2 1 0 1 1 1 1
2. 0 3 0 0 0 0 0
3. 0 0 4 0 0 0 0
4. 0 4 0 5 0 0 0
5. 0 0 0 0 6 0 0
6. 0 6 0 0 0 1 0
; Secondary Stress shift from ultima of root to suffix
; dikdôk+in bigêy+an
; dikdik0ôn big0y0ên
RULE "20 V[-str]:V[2str] => V[2str]:@ (:C) +:0 ___ (C)#" 4 7
V[2str] V[2str] @ + V[-str] # @
V[-str] 0 C 0 V[2str] # @
1: 2 2 1 1 0 1 1
2: 2 2 2 3 0 1 1
3: 2 2 1 1 4 1 1
4. 0 0 4 0 0 1 0
; h-insertion after a vowel-final root, preceding a vowel-initial suffix.
; punta0+an bili0+in
; puntah0an bil0h0in
RULE "21 h-insertion 0:h <=> V: ___ +:0 V(C)#" 7 6
V 0 + C # @
@ h 0 C # @
1: 2 0 1 1 1 1
2: 2 5 3 1 1 1
3: 4 0 3 1 1 1
4: 1 0 4 4 0 1
5. 0 0 6 0 0 0
6. 7 0 6 0 0 0
7. 0 0 7 7 1 0
; Syncope occurs in an open penultimate syllable, following an open syllable,
; and preceding a vowel-inital suffix.
; bigay+an bili0+in gawaq+in
; big0y0an bil0h0in gaw0q0in
; High vowels are dropped before homorganic glides:
; niyê datapuwat
; n0yê datap0wat
RULE "22 Syncope correspondences" 1 6
ê ô ÿ i u @
0 0 0 0 0 @
1: 1 1 1 1 1 1
; Syncope is "optional" (lexically restricted).
RULE "23 Syncope V:0 => VC __ [C|0:h|q:0] +:0 V(C)#, {i,u}:0 => C___{y,w}V" 14 12
V C y w V i u 0 q + # @
V C y w 0 0 0 h 0 0 # @
1: 2 8 8 8 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
2: 2 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1
3: 2 1 1 1 4 12 14 1 1 3 1 1
4. 0 5 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 4 0 0
5. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0
6. 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0
7. 0 7 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 0
8: 2 8 8 8 0 9 11 1 1 1 1 1
9. 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11. 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12. 0 5 13 5 0 0 0 5 5 4 0 0
13. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0
14. 0 5 5 13 0 0 0 5 5 4 0 0
; q-deletion after a syncopated vowel, preceding a vowel-initial suffix.
; Also optionally before # or _.
; gawaq+in
; gaw000in
RULE "24 q-deletion q:0 <=> C V:0 __ (+:0) V(C)#" 8 9
C V q q + V # _ @
C 0 0 @ 0 V # _ @
1: 2 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1
2: 2 3 8 1 2 1 1 1 1
3: 2 1 6 4 3 1 1 1 1
4: 2 1 1 1 4 5 1 1 1
5: 5 1 1 5 5 1 0 0 1
6. 0 0 0 0 6 7 0 0 0
7. 7 0 0 0 7 0 1 1 0
8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
RULE "25 High vowel fluctuation" 3 7
V[1str] C i o ô ÿ @
@ C e u Å ¥ @
1: 2 1 0 0 1 1 1
2: 2 3 0 0 1 1 1
3: 2 3 1 1 1 1 1
END