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- Alan Turing was
- a brilliantly gifted
- classical mathe-
- matician. His
- innovation was
- one of many
- conceived for
- military use
- which have found
- a role in peace-
- time. But few of
- them have had
- consequences
- as far-reaching
- as the program-
- able computer
- #
- A computer was
- conceived by
- Charles Babbage, a
- century before
- Turing's time.
- Babbage's "differ-
- ence machine" was
- a huge calculator
- designed to pro-
- duce mathematical
- and navigational
- tables, but he
- never managed to
- build it. Babbage's
- machine was only
- recently const-
- ructed, and
- proved to work
- #
- In 1936 Turing
- wrote a paper,
- "On computable
- numbers", which
- described the way
- a modern computer
- could operate
- when fed a series
- of instructions on
- continuous tape.
- It was the first
- step along the
- road to modern
- computers, and it
- led to his appoint-
- ment to Britain's
- wartime code-
- breaking center
- #
- The first workers
- at Bletchley Park
- cracked codes by
- hand. But as the
- volume and
- complexity of
- Nazi codes in-
- creased, Bletchley
- had to devise
- machines which
- could quickly test
- the permutations
- in an encrypted
- message. These
- machines were
- the progenitors of
- modern computers
- #
- Turing's war was
- a war of adding
- machines. In this
- conflict the
- generals and
- commanders
- were mathe-
- maticians and
- logicians, and
- their battles were
- fought between
- armies of numbers,
- figures and ciphers
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- Alan Turing
- was always an
- outsider, both in
- his professional
- and personal life.
- He committed
- suicide by eating
- an apple laced with
- cyanide. Prose-
- cutions for
- homosexual
- offenses may
- have contributed
- to his depression.
- At any rate, he
- left no note
- giving his reasons
- #
- The British
- military and
- intelligence
- establishment
- has always
- discriminated
- against gay men
- and women,
- thinking them a
- security risk. It
- was fortunate for
- the Allied war
- effort that Alan
- Turing's homo-
- sexuality was not
- known while
- he was at
- Bletchley Park
- #
- Until recently
- Turing's genius
- was barely
- recognized
- outside the
- scientific world.
- His Colossus
- machines were
- thoughtlessly
- dismantled after
- the war, and a
- project to rebuild
- one has nearly
- foundered for
- want of funds
- #
- It took a great
- many years for
- Alan Turing's
- contribution to be
- recognized by a
- wider public. If
- his work had
- helped in the war
- effort alone, that
- would have
- assured him of
- lasting fame. But
- now he is acknow-
- ledged as one of
- the founding
- fathers of the
- computer age
- #
- Forty years after
- his death, Turing's
- dreams of arti-
- ficial intelligence,
- bridging the gap
- between the
- human mind and
- the machine, are
- closer to reality.
- At the Turing
- Institute com-
- puters are begin-
- ning to learn
- tasks in the same
- way as humans,
- by watching
- and copying
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